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《完成时态高考知识点与late的辨析》

时间:

  现在完成时(Present perfect tense)表示动作发生在过去,但与现在情况有关系,即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。小编在这里整理了相关资料,希望能帮助到您。

  完成时态高考知识点

  现在完成时的基本概念和形式

  现在完成时(Present perfect tense)表示动作发生在过去,但与现在情况有关系,即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。

  现在完成时由动词have (has) + 过去分词构成。

  现在完成时的基本用法

  1)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚完成,汉语常用"了"或"过"来表示。如:

  I have finished my work.我把工作做完了。

  We have set up many new factories in this area.我们在这个地区建立了许多新工厂。

  She has read all these books.她把这些书都读完了。

  2)动作在过去完成,表示"经验"或"结果"。汉语常用"过"来表示。如:

  Have you ever seen the play The Doll's House? 你看过话剧《傀儡家庭》吗?

  Yes,I have seen it twice.我看过两遍了。

  I have learnt to drive.我学过开车。

  The man has lived in China.那人在中国住过。

  [注] 注意be在下面句子中的意义。如:

  Where have you been? -I've been to the laboratory.你上哪儿去了?--到实验室去了。

  Have you ever been to Hangzhou? ―No,I've never been there.你到过杭州吗?--没到过。

  How have you been?-I've been well thank you.你近来身体好吗?--谢谢你,我近来很好。

  现在完成时与过去一般时的区别

  现在完成时和过去一般时都表示在过去完成的动作,但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,如对现在产生的结果、影响等,而过去一般时则表示动作发生在过去,一般不表示和现在的关系。试比较:

  1)I have lost my pen.我把钢笔丢了。(意即还没找到,现在我没有笔用。)

  She lost her pen yes today.她昨天把笔丢了。(笔是昨天丢的,现在找到与否,没有说明。)

  2)I have been to the Agricultural Exhibition.我看过这个农业展览会。(强调我知道它的内容)

  I went to the Agricultural Exhibition last week.我上周参观了这个农业展览会。(只说明我上周参观过展览会这件事)

  3) Who has opened the door? 谁把门开了?(现在门还开着)

  Who opened the door? 谁开的门?(指过去,与现在无关。现在门是关着还是开着,没有说明。)

  4) A:Have you had your lunch? 你吃过年饭没有?(意即你现在不饿吗?)

  B:Yes,I have.吃了。(意即我现在饱了,不要再吃了。)

  A:When did you have it 你什么时候吃的?(说话人感兴趣的是"吃"这一动作发生在什么时候。)

  B:I had it about half an hour ago.我是大约半小时前吃的。

  现在完成时的其他用法

  1)还可表示动作发生在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能继续延续下去。这时常和since所引导的短语或从句或for引导的短语连用(for有时可以省去)。

  How long have you been in Beijing ? -I have been in Beijing for four years.你在北京呆了多久?--我在北京呆了四年。

  Isaac's father has been a school teacher since 1968. 艾萨克的父亲从一九六八年以来就当教师。

  We haven't had a vacation for a long time.我们好久没放假了。

  Three years have passed since we left school.我们毕业已经三年了。

  [注]但在下面的句子中,主句的谓语动词可以用现在一般时。如:

  It is three years since I began to work on the state farm.我在国营农场工作已经三年了。(美国英语用has been,下例同此)

  It's a long time since I saw you last.好久没见了。

  2)在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作。

  I'll go with you when I have finished my home work,我做完作业后就和你一块去。

  We'll wait here until you have Written the letter.我们将在这里等你写完信。

  Perhaps I'll know more English after I have learnt it for two years.我学完两午后,懂的英语或许就会多些了。

  现在完成时的时间状语问题

  1)现在完成时说明的是现在的情况,是现在时态,因此不能和表示过去时间的状语如yesterday,1asr month,three years ago,in l960等连用。这些时间状语只能和过去时态连用,表示过去的动作。但现在完成时可和表示过去时间的副词just和before连用。如:

  He has just come.他刚到。

  We have seen the movie before,我们以前看过这个电影。

  2)现在完成时常和表示不确定的时间的副词already,never,ever,always,yet,not...yet,often等连用。如:

  Have you ever been in a plane? 你坐过飞机吗?

  The new books have not arrived yet.新书还没有到。

  The Xisha lslands have always been Chinese territory.西沙群岛一直是中国的领土。

  Have you heard from him yet? 你接到他的信了吗?

  They have already finished their experiment.他们已经做完试验了。

  Many westerners have never seen a giant panda.许多西方人从没见过大熊猫。

  We have often been to the Summer Palace.我们常到颐和园去玩。

  3)现在完成时可以和包括"现在"在内的时间状语连用,如now,today,this month,this year等。如:

  We have planted many fruit trees this year.我们今年种了很多果树。

  Have you seen Benny today? 你今天见到本尼了吗?

  We've had a lot of rain this summer.今年夏天雨下得很多。

  但如说话人所感兴趣的只是在这段时间内发生了某一动作,而不是这一动作与现在的关系时,须用过去时态。如:

  The conference opened this month.会议是本月开幕的。

  Their farm set up a pumping station this year.他们农场今年新修了一个抽水站。

  现在完成时可和疑问副词where,why,how连用,但通常不和疑问副词when连用

  (when一般只与过去时态连用)。如:

  Where have you been? 你去哪儿了?(询问经过情况。如说Where did you go?则只问地点)

  Why have you turned off the radio? 你干吗把收音机关了?(强调和现在的关系,意即收音机关着。如说Why did you turn off the radio?则强调关收音机这一过去的动作。)

  过去完成时过去完成时的基本概念和形式

  过去完成时(past perfect tense)表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。简言之,过去完成时所表示的时间就是"过去的过去"。过去完成时由助动词had + 过去分词构成。

  过去完成时的用法

  1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前业已完成的动作。这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示。如:

  By the end of last week we had learned ten lessons.到上周末为止,我们已经学了十课书。

  He had learned some English before he came to the institute.他来学院之前学过一些英语。

  I didn't go to the film because I had seen it twice.我没去看电影,因为这片子我已看过两次了。

  When I had gone over my lessons I took a rest.我复习完功课之后,休息了一会儿。

  I gave my little sister the flowers that I had bought for her.我把给妹妹买的花送给她。

  In the exhibition he saw many oil paintings that he had never seen before.他在展览厅里见到许多过去从未见过的油画。

  2)过去完成时可以表示由过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,常和for(有时可以省去)或since构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。如:

  It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.在天旱了好几个月之后,昨天下雨了。

  By the I read his new book, I had known him for a long time.到我读他的新书时,我早就知道他了。

  He said that great Changes had taken place in his hometown since,1980. 他说7980年以来他的家乡大变样了。

  [注]当一个由when,before,after,as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接时,两个动作均可用"一般过去时"来表示。如:

  We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操后,我们吃早饭。

  When I finished supper,I took a walk.我晚饭后就去散步。

  The train started to move just before he reached the platform.他到月台时火车刚开走。

  They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields.他们一到地里就开始耕地。

  将来完成时的基本概念和形式

  将来完成时(future perfect tense)表示在将来某一时间之前所完成的动作。它的形式由shall(第一人称)或will(第二、三人称)加have再加过去分词所构成。美国英语一律用will。

  将来完成时的用法

  将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作。如:

  By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.到本周末,我将读完这本书。

  By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.明天这时候,他们将修好这台机器。

  The children will have gone to sleep by the time We get home.到我们回家时,孩子们将已睡了。

  When you come tonight at eight o'clock,I shall have written my paper.你今晚八点钟来时,我将会写完文章了。

  By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。

  late辨析

  (1) late

  A. 形容词

  ①迟的,晚的

  I was late for school. 我上学迟到了。

  I was ten minutes late. 我迟到了十分钟。

  ②晚期的, 末期的

  in the late afternoon 在下午较晚的时候,傍晚

  in the late sixties 六十年代后期

  in the late 1990's/1990s 在二十世纪九十年代末期

  He began the work in late May. 他在五月底开始这项工作。

  It is never too late to mend. [谚语] 改过不嫌晚。

  ③已故的;前任的

  the late government 上届政府

  a late president 一位已故的总统

  She was an admirer of the late president. 她钦佩前总统。

  ④新的

  some late news 一些新消息

  B. 副词

  ①迟地,晚地

  Better late than never. [谚语] 迟做总比不做好。

  I got up late. 我起晚了。

  late in autumn 在深秋

  ②新近,最近

  I saw him as late as yesterday. 直到昨天我还看见过他。

  (2) later

  A. 副词

  ①后来。可单独使用,用于过去时或将来时。

  Later the boy found his mother. 后来那个男孩找到了他的妈妈。

  See you later. 再见!回头见!

  ② ...之后。可放在时间段后,只用于过去时。

  He arrived in London on Monday, two days later he left for New York.他星期一到了伦敦,两天后他出发去纽约。

  ③为late的比较级,意为“较晚地”。

  The big stores are open later on Thursdays. 每逢星期四大商店开门较晚。

  B. 形容词,为late的比较级,意为“较晚的”。

  the later comers 来的较晚的人

  (3)latest

  A. 形容词

  ①最新的

  the latest news 最新的消息

  ②为late的最高级,译为“最晚的,最迟的”。

  the latest comer 来得最迟的人

  B. 副词,为late的最高级,译为“最晚地,最迟地”。

  come the earliest and leave the latest 来得最早,走得最晚

  C. 名词,译为“最新消息、时装”。

  Have you heard the latest about the war? 你听到有关战争的最新消息了吗?

  短语:at the latest 最迟

  I should be back by 11 o’clock at the latest. 我最迟11点回来。

  (4)lately:副词,与recently同义,通常用于现在完成时,译为“最近、近来”。

  What have you been doing lately? 你最近在做什么?

  He came as lately as last week. 他最近在上周来过。

  (5)latter:adj.后面的,后者的(the former, the latter前者,后者)

  The latter point is the most important.

  后面提及的那一点是最重要的。

  I prefer the former design to the latter.

  比起后者的设计方案, 我更喜欢前者的。

  【练习】用latter, late, later, latest或lately填空。

  1. Better _____ than never.

  2. Let's consider the question _______.

  3. Of the two the _____ is better than the former.

  4. Have you seen Peter _______?

  5. Here is the _______ issue of China Daily.

  6. The _______ part of the text is the most important.

  【解析】

  1. Better late than never. [谚语] 迟做总比不做好。答案为late 迟地。

  2. 此句译为:让我们稍后考虑这个问题。答案为later较迟地。

  3. 此句译为:这两个问题中,后者比前者更好。the former, the latter前者,后者为固定搭配,答案为latter。

  4. 此句译为:你最近见过彼得吗? 答案为lately,最近。

  5. 此句译为:这是《中国日报》最新的期刊。答案为latest,最新的。 6. 此句译为:这个文本最后面的部分是最重要的。答案为late的最高级latest。


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